Overcome the Hidden Barriers That Keep You from Applying for What Could be Your Dream Job
To Apply or Not to Apply…
Looking for a job can be a complex and challenging experience for many individuals. Actually hitting the “Apply” button can be even more challenging. Understanding the psychological factors that influence whether a job seeker decides to apply for a job is crucial for both the job seekers themselves and the people who support them. Two foundational psychological theories—The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)—offer valuable insights into the decision-making processes that underlie job-seeking behaviors. By applying these theories, we can better understand the factors that influence job application decisions and develop strategies to support job seekers more effectively.
The Theory of Reasoned Action: Predicting Intentions
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), developed by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen in 1980, was designed to predict an individual’s intentions to engage in specific behaviors at a particular time and within different contexts. According to TRA, the intention to perform a behavior is determined by two key factors:
- Attitude Toward the Behavior: This refers to the individual’s overall evaluation of the behavior, such as applying for a job. If a job seeker believes that applying for a job will lead to positive outcomes (e.g., career advancement, job satisfaction), they are more likely to develop a positive attitude toward the apply process.
- Subjective Norms: These are the perceived social pressures to perform or not perform a behavior. For job seekers, this could involve the expectations of family, friends, or mentors. If these significant others encourage the job seeker to apply for a job, the individual is more likely to form the intention to do so.
TRA was initially focused on predicting behavioral intentions, but it became clear that intentions alone do not always lead to action. This realization led to the development of the Theory of Planned Behavior.
The Theory of Planned Behavior: Bridging Intentions and Actions
To better account for the transition from intention to actual behavior, Ajzen expanded TRA into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in 2011. TPB incorporates an additional component known as Perceived Behavioral Control:
- Perceived Behavioral Control: This refers to the individual’s perception of how easy or difficult it is to perform the behavior in question. It considers factors such as past experiences, anticipated obstacles, and the availability of resources. For example, a job seeker might intend to apply for a job, but if they perceive the application process as too complicated or feel unprepared for the job, this perceived lack of control can prevent them from following through and applying.
TPB recognizes that even if an individual has a strong intention to engage in a behavior, such as applying for a job, various obstacle can impede their taking action. Obstacles can include self-doubt about suitability for a position, a complex apply process, financial constraints, lack of time, and emotional stress. As a result, TPB provides a more comprehensive understanding of how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control interact to influence both behavioral intentions and actual behaviors.
Applying TRA and TPB to Job-Seeking Behavior
Both theories offer valuable insights for job seekers and employment center counselors seeking to understand and support job application behaviors.
1. Enhancing Attitude Toward Job Applications
Understanding a job seeker’s attitude toward applying for jobs is crucial. Employment center counselors can help by:
- Identifying Positive Outcomes: Encourage job seekers to focus on the potential benefits of applying, such as career growth, financial stability, and personal satisfaction. This positive focus can help cultivate a more favorable attitude toward the job application process.
- Mitigating Negative Perceptions: Address any fears or concerns that job seekers may have about the application process. This might include providing resources to simplify the process or offering workshops to build confidence and reduce anxiety.
2. Shaping Subjective Norms
The influence of subjective norms on job-seeking behavior highlights the importance of social support. Counselors can:
- Foster a Supportive Community: Create opportunities for job seekers to engage with peers who share similar goals. Group sessions or peer mentoring programs can help build a positive social environment that encourages active job seeking.
- Engage Key Influencers: Work with job seekers to identify and involve important figures in their lives—such as family, friends, or mentors—who can offer encouragement and reinforce positive behaviors.
3. Addressing Perceived Behavioral Control
Perceived behavioral control is a critical factor in moving from intention to action. To enhance this:
- Provide Resources and Support: Offer practical tools, such as resume-building workshops, interview preparation sessions, and guidance on navigating online job applications. This support can help job seekers feel more in control of the process.
- Identify and Overcome Barriers: Work with job seekers to identify potential obstacles to applying for jobs, such as time constraints, lack of access to technology, or emotional stress. Develop strategies to overcome these barriers, such as flexible scheduling, access to necessary resources, or stress management techniques.
Conclusion
The Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior provide a useful framework for understanding the factors that influence job-seeking behavior. By considering how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control interact to shape intentions and actions, both job seekers and employment center counselors can develop more effective strategies to support successful job applications. Understanding these psychological factors empowers job seekers to take meaningful action and enables counselors to provide targeted, impactful guidance, ultimately leading to better employment outcomes.
These theories underscore the importance of not only fostering strong intentions but also addressing the practical challenges that can stand in the way of translating those intentions into action. By doing so, we can better support job seekers in achieving their career goals and navigating the complexities of the job market.
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References:
- Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Prentice-Hall.
- Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health, 26(9), 1113-1127.